Attribute value phonology

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The role of gesture delay in coda /r/ weakening: an articulatory, auditory and acoustic study

The cross-linguistic tendency of coda consonants to weaken, vocalize, or be deleted is shown to have a phonetic basis, resulting from gesture reduction, or variation in gesture timing. This study investigates the effects of the timing of the anterior tongue gesture for coda /r/ on acoustics and perceived strength of rhoticity, making use of two sociolects of Central Scotland (working- and middle-class) where coda /r/ is weakening and strengthening, respectively. Previous articulatory analysis revealed a strong tendency for these sociolects to use different coda /r/ tongue configurations—working- and middle-class speakers tend to use tip/front raised and bunched variants, respectively; however, this finding does not explain working-class /r/ weakening. A correlational analysis in the current study showed a robust relationship between anterior lingual gesture timing, F3, and percept of rhoticity. A linear mixed effects regression analysis showed that both speaker social class and linguistic factors (word structure and the checked/unchecked status of the prerhotic vowel) had significant effects on tongue gesture timing and formant values. This study provides further evidence that gesture delay can be a phonetic mechanism for coda rhotic weakening and apparent loss, but social class emerges as the dominant factor driving lingual gesture timing variation

Gestural delay and gestural reduction. Articulatory variation in /l/-vocalisation in Southern British English

Item deposited in University of Manchester, Research Explorer repository, available at: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/gestural-delay-and-gestural-reduction-articulatory-variation-in-lvocalisation-in-southern-british-english(c68641e5-cf4e-4944-a78f-9bd6fa18d146).htmlReplaced original AM with new version containing updated book title. 2020-08-18The vocalisation of /l/, as currently observed in Southern British English (SBE), involves weakening of the consonantal tongue tip (TT) gesture. Such weakening can be conceptualised in terms of spatial reduction, where the magnitude of the TT gesture is decreased, or in terms of temporal delay, where the tongue tip gesture occurs relatively late, sometimes becoming masked. In this paper, we use a corpus of articulatory (ultrasound) data to tease apart the relative contribution of delay and reduction in ongoing /l/-vocalisation in SBE. The most extreme case of vocalisation we observe involves deletion of the TT gesture. More frequently, we find gradient reduction in gestural magnitude, which may be accompanied by gestural delay. For one of our speakers, the TT gesture is delayed to the point of becoming covert. However, the considerable delay observed in this case is proportional to the advanced degree of gestural reduction. We argue for an interpretation where /l/-vocalisation is primarily a spatial phenomenon, and delay is mostly a secondary manifestation of weakening. We consider the significance of our findings to more abstractionist approaches, and their view of /l/-vocalisation as a categorical phenomenon.The research reported in this paper was supported by a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship PDF/pf130029 to the first author.https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/pubpu

Onset-rime coarticulation in the production of /dai/ and /stai/ by four year old Scottish English speaking children: preliminary results.

Patterns of coarticulation between onset and rime in the speech of six Scottish English speaking children aged 4 years is examined in the words dye /dai/ and sty /stai/. F2 is 272Hz lower at the burst following /st/ than following /d/. The lower F2 after /st/ in the onset-rime transition is accompanied by a higher F2 during /ai/'s diphthongal offglide. Moreover, the overall shapes of the F2 trajectories are similar, and the frequency difference in F2 at the stop burst correlates with difference in duration between complex and singleton onset. These facts suggest that in the /st/- initial word the diphthong is apparently initiated earlier with respect to the stop burst - and therefore that the intial portion of the vowel opening gesture is masked acoustically by the preceding stop to a greater extent after the cluster than after the singleton. This interpretation supports models of intergestural timing in which hierarchical prosodic nodes (in this case, the onset) enable non-local gestural organisations. The syllable onset provides a fixed anchoring point for the following vowel (a C-centre) which results in greater acoustic masking when the onset is complex.caslpub2473pub

Biological and social grounding of phonology : variation as a research tool

Phonological-phonetic sound systems are abstractions away from substance, so while they are grounded in biological capacity, they also reflect phonetically un-natural relationships arising from a variety of linguistic factors. Sociolinguistic variation is one of these non-biological factors. Pilot articulatory results are presented from derhoticised Scottish English. It can have onset/ coda allophony far more radical than the systems that are normally examined in articulatory research. Ultrasound analysis shows acoustic rhoticity in codas may have a post-alveolar constriction so delayed that acoustic rhoticity is covert. Perceptual recoverability of social identity has to be considered in addition to plain phonetic factors.casl[1] Anderson, S. R. 1981. Why phonology isn't 'natural'. Linguistic Inquiry 12, 493-539. [2] Delattre, P., Freeman, D. C. 1968. A dialect study of American r's by x-ray motion picture. Linguistics 44, 29- 68. [3] Foulkes, P., Docherty, G. J. 2006. The social life of phonetics and phonology. Jou Phon 34, 409-438. [4] Gick, B., Campbell, F. Oh, S., Tamburri-Watt, L. 2006. Toward universals in the gestural organization of syllables: A cross-linguistic study of liquids. Jou Phon 34, 49-72 [5] Hale, M., Reiss, C. 2000. Substance Abuse and Dysfunctionalism: Current Trends in Phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 31, 157-69. [6] Kerswill, P., Wright, S. 1990. On the limits of auditory transcription: a sociophonetic perspective. Language Variation and Change 2, 255-275. [7] Mielke, J., Baker, A., Archangeli, D. 2006. Covert /r/ allophony in English: variation in a socially uninhibited sound pattern. Oral paper at LabPhon 10, Paris. [8] Ohala, J. 1981. The listener as a source of sound change. CLS parasession on language and behavior, 178-203. [9] Scobbie, J. M. 2006. Flexibility in the face of incompatible English VOT systems. In: Goldstein, L., Whalen, D. H., Best, C. T. (eds) Laboratory Phonology 8. Varieties of Phonological Competence. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 367-392. [10] Scobbie, J. M., Timmins, C., Stuart-Smith, J., Tweedie, F., Hewlett N., Turk, A. 2000. Fieldwork in the urban jungle: an empirical phonological study of Glasgow English. Poster at Labphon 7, Nijmegen. [11] Scobbie, J. M., Sebregts, K., Stuart-Smith, J., 2006. From subtle to gross variation: an ultrasound tongue imaging study of Dutch and Scottish English /r/. Poster at Lab- Phon 10, Paris. [12] Silverman, D. 1995. Phasing and Recoverability. New York: Garland. [13] Stuart-Smith, J. 2003. The phonology of modern urban Scots. In: Corbett, J., McClure, J. D., Stuart-Smith, J. (eds.) Edinburgh Student Companion to Scots. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 110-137. Stuart- Smith, J. 2003. Stuart-Smith, J. 2003. [14] Stuart-Smith, J. 2007 A sociophonetic investigation of postvocalic /r/ in Glaswegian adolescents. This volume. [15] Tiede, M., Boyce, S. E., Holland, C. K. & Choe, K. A. 2004. A new taxonomy of American English /r/ using MRI and ultrasound. JASA 115, 2633-2634. [16] van der Velde, H. 2007. Phonetic variation in a sociolinguistic context. Oral presentation, Journes des Sciences de la Parole, Charleroi, 30th Mar.pub46pu

Interactions between the acquisition of phonetics and phonology

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The phonetics phonology overlap

This is a draft of chapter entitled Interface and Overlap in Phonetics and Phonology submitted to Charles Reiss & Gillian Ranchand (eds) The Book of Interfaces. Now published in Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 17-52. This series consists of unpublished working- papers. They are not final versions and may be superseded by publication in journal or book form, which should be cited in preference. All rights remain with the author(s) at this stage, and circulation of a work in progress in this series does not prejudice its later publication. Comments to authors are welcome. Now published in Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 17-52.The concept of an interface in linguistics implies a connection between two distinct theoretical domains, each concerned with a distinct group of linguistic phenomena. If the domains or phenomena are very different, the purpose and nature of an interface in the theory is to state (explicitly and without redundancy) any necessary connections between what would otherwise be independent aspects of the grammar. On the other hand, if the domains or phenomena have numerous similarities, the interface is additionally characterised by theoretical competition between descriptions of and explanations for particular phenomena. In this situation, linguistic data are thought to be capable of providing evidence for particular theories of modular demarcation.caslAnderson, Stephen R. 1981 Why phonology isn't natural. Linguistic Inquiry 12: 493-539. Beckman, Mary E. 1990 Phonetic Representation. Journal of Phonetics 18 (3): 297-477. Boersma, Paul 1998 Functional Phonology. Amsterdam: HIL. Browman, Catherine P. and Louis Goldstein 1995 Gestural syllable position effects in American English. In: F Bell-Berti and Lawrence J. Raphael (eds.) Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues. For Katherine Safford Harris. 19-34. Browman, Catherine P. and Louis Goldstein 2004 Articulatory Phonology: an overview. Phonetica 9: 155-180. Burton-Roberts, Noel, Philip Carr, and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) 2000 Phonological Knowledge : Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bybee, Joan 2001 Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bybee, Joan and Paul Hopper (eds.) 2002 Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Cho, Taehong, Sun A. Jun and Peter Ladefoged 2002 Acoustic and aerodynamic correlates of Korean stops and fricatives. Journal of Phonetics 30: 193-228. Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle 1968 The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row. Cohn, Abigail C 1990 Phonetic and Phonological Rules of Nasalization. PhD Thesis: UCLA. Cohn, Abigail C in press Gradience and categoriality in sound patterns. Coleman, John2002 Phonetic representations in the mental lexicon. In: Jacques Durand and Bernard Lax (eds.) Phonetics, Phonology, and Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 96-130. Flemming, Edward 2001 Scalar and categorical phenomena in a unified model of phonetics and phonology. Phonology 18: 7-44. Fodor, J. A. 1983 The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Goldinger, Stephen D.1997 Words and voices: Perception and production in an episodic lexicon. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 33-66. Gussenhoven, C. and R. Kager 2001 Introduction: phonetics in phonology. Phonology 18: 1-6. Hale, Mark and Charles Reiss 2000a Phonology as cognition. In: Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 161-184. Hale, Mark and Charles Reiss 2000b Substance abuse and dysfunctionalism: current trends in phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 31: 157-169. Halle, Morris 1959 The Sound Pattern of Russian. The Hague: Mouton. Hayes, Bruce, Robert Kirchner, and Donca Steriade (eds.) 2004 Phonetically Based Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hume, Elizabeth and Keith Johnson (eds.) 2001 The Role of Speech Perception in Phonology. San Diego: Academic Press. Johnson, Keith1997 Speech perception without talker normalization. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 146-165. Keating, Patricia A. 1984 Phonetic and phonological representation of stop consonant voicing. Language 60: 286-319. Keating, Patricia A. 1985 Universal phonetics and the organisation of grammars. In: Victoria Fromkin (ed.) Phonetic Linguistics: Essays in Honour of Peter Ladefoged. Orlando: Academic Press Keating, Patricia A. 1990 Phonetic representation in a generative grammar. Journal of Phonetics 18: 321-334. Kirchner, Robert 1998 An effort-based approach to consonant lenition. PhD Thesis: UCLA. Lindblom, Bjorn 1990 On the notion of 'possible speech sound'. Journal of Phonetics 18: 135-152. Manaster-Ramer, Alexis 1996a A letter from an incompletely neutral phonologist. Journal of Phonetics 24: 477-489. Manaster-Ramer, Alexis 1996b Report on Alexis' dreams - bad as well as good. Journal of Phonetics 24: 513-519. Mullenix, John W. 1997 On the nature of perceptual adjustments to voice. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 67-84. Ohala, John J. 1990 There is no interface between phonology and phonetics: a personal view. Journal of Phonetics 18: 153-171. Ohala, John J. 1995 The relation between phonetics and phonology. In: William J. Hardcastle and John Laver (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences. Cambridge: Blackwell, 674-694. Perkins, Michael R. 2005 Editorial. Clinical pragmatics: An emergentist perspective. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 19: 363-366. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 1990 Phonological and phonetic representation. Journal of Phonetics 18: 375-394. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2001 Stochastic phonology. Glot International 5: 195-2. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2002 Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and contrast. In: Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper (eds.) Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 137-157. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2003 Probabilistic phonology: discrimination and robustness. In: Rens Bod, Jennifer Hay and Stefanie Jannedy (eds.) Probabilistic Linguistics. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 177-228. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. and Mary E. Beckman 1998 Japanese Tone Structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Pierrehumbert, Janet B., Mary E. Beckman and D. R. Ladd 2000 Conceptual foundations of phonology as a laboratory science. In: Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 273-303. Pierrehumbert, Janet B and Paul Gross 2003 Community Phonology. Chicago Linguistics Society. Pisoni, David B. 1997 Some thoughts on normalisation in speech perception. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 9-32. Scobbie, James M. 1995 What do we do when phonology is powerful enough to imitate phonetics? Comments on Zsiga. In Bruce Connell and Amalia Arvaniti (eds.) Phonology and Phonetic Evidence. Papers in Laboratory Phonology IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 303-314. Scobbie, James M. 1997 Autosegmental Representation in a Declarative Constraint-Based Framework. New York, NY: Garland Publishers Inc. Scobbie, James M. in press Flexibility in the Face of Incompatible English VOT Systems. In Louis M. Goldstein, Cathi Best and Doug Whalen (eds.) Papers in Laboratory Phonology 8: Varieties of Phonological Competence. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Scobbie, James M. in preparation Almost contrast: the quasi-phonemic nature of Scottish vowel length. Silverman, Daniel 1997 Phasing and Recoverability. New York, NY: Garland. Silverman, Daniel 2004 A critical introduction to phonology: of sound, mind, and body. Continuum: London, New York. Steriade, Donca 2004 Directional asymmetries in assimilation. In: Elizabeth Hume and Keith Johnson (eds.) The Role of Speech Perception in Phonology.San Diego: Academic Press, 219-250. Vihman, Marilyn M. and Shelley L. Velleman 2000 Phonetics and the origin of phonology. In: Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 305-339. Zsiga, E. 1997 Features, gestures, and Igbo vowel assimilation: An approach to the phonology/phonetics mapping. Language 73: 227.pub138pu

SIMILAR AND DIFFERENT TONGUE SURFACE CONTOURS: INTRA-SPEAKER CONTROLS IN ULTRASOUND ANALYSIS

James M Scobbie - ORCID: 0000-0003-4509-6782 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4509-6782Ultrasound studies of speech production analyse differences in dependent variables reflecting the tongue surface’s location and shape. Inferential statistics distinguish theoretically-relevant from random effects, somewhat independently of the descriptive size of significant effects. Experimental designs induce measurable dependent changes by manipulating independent variables such as prosody, phonemic target, etc. This paper presents descriptive statistics quantifying holistically all 15 pairwise differences between six monophthongal long vowel phonemes of one variety of English, comparing these to experimental noise differences attributable to the use of two identical blocks of data collection in sequence. Eight speakers were recorded, using two different ultrasound systems, and analysed in AAA using both edge-tracking and DeepLabCut pose estimation. The smallest phonemic contrast (~2mm) was greater than the experimental noise (~1mm), and was well evidenced by AAA’s t-test of radial difference.inpressinpress92

The phonetics phonology overlap

This is a draft of chapter entitled Interface and Overlap in Phonetics and Phonology submitted to Charles Reiss & Gillian Ranchand (eds) The Book of Interfaces. Now published in Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 17-52. This series consists of unpublished working- papers. They are not final versions and may be superseded by publication in journal or book form, which should be cited in preference. All rights remain with the author(s) at this stage, and circulation of a work in progress in this series does not prejudice its later publication. Comments to authors are welcome. Now published in Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 17-52.The concept of an interface in linguistics implies a connection between two distinct theoretical domains, each concerned with a distinct group of linguistic phenomena. If the domains or phenomena are very different, the purpose and nature of an interface in the theory is to state (explicitly and without redundancy) any necessary connections between what would otherwise be independent aspects of the grammar. On the other hand, if the domains or phenomena have numerous similarities, the interface is additionally characterised by theoretical competition between descriptions of and explanations for particular phenomena. In this situation, linguistic data are thought to be capable of providing evidence for particular theories of modular demarcation.caslAnderson, Stephen R. 1981 Why phonology isn't natural. Linguistic Inquiry 12: 493-539. Beckman, Mary E. 1990 Phonetic Representation. Journal of Phonetics 18 (3): 297-477. Boersma, Paul 1998 Functional Phonology. Amsterdam: HIL. Browman, Catherine P. and Louis Goldstein 1995 Gestural syllable position effects in American English. In: F Bell-Berti and Lawrence J. Raphael (eds.) Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues. For Katherine Safford Harris. 19-34. Browman, Catherine P. and Louis Goldstein 2004 Articulatory Phonology: an overview. Phonetica 9: 155-180. Burton-Roberts, Noel, Philip Carr, and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) 2000 Phonological Knowledge : Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bybee, Joan 2001 Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bybee, Joan and Paul Hopper (eds.) 2002 Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Cho, Taehong, Sun A. Jun and Peter Ladefoged 2002 Acoustic and aerodynamic correlates of Korean stops and fricatives. Journal of Phonetics 30: 193-228. Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle 1968 The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row. Cohn, Abigail C 1990 Phonetic and Phonological Rules of Nasalization. PhD Thesis: UCLA. Cohn, Abigail C in press Gradience and categoriality in sound patterns. Coleman, John2002 Phonetic representations in the mental lexicon. In: Jacques Durand and Bernard Lax (eds.) Phonetics, Phonology, and Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 96-130. Flemming, Edward 2001 Scalar and categorical phenomena in a unified model of phonetics and phonology. Phonology 18: 7-44. Fodor, J. A. 1983 The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Goldinger, Stephen D.1997 Words and voices: Perception and production in an episodic lexicon. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 33-66. Gussenhoven, C. and R. Kager 2001 Introduction: phonetics in phonology. Phonology 18: 1-6. Hale, Mark and Charles Reiss 2000a Phonology as cognition. In: Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 161-184. Hale, Mark and Charles Reiss 2000b Substance abuse and dysfunctionalism: current trends in phonology. Linguistic Inquiry 31: 157-169. Halle, Morris 1959 The Sound Pattern of Russian. The Hague: Mouton. Hayes, Bruce, Robert Kirchner, and Donca Steriade (eds.) 2004 Phonetically Based Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hume, Elizabeth and Keith Johnson (eds.) 2001 The Role of Speech Perception in Phonology. San Diego: Academic Press. Johnson, Keith1997 Speech perception without talker normalization. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 146-165. Keating, Patricia A. 1984 Phonetic and phonological representation of stop consonant voicing. Language 60: 286-319. Keating, Patricia A. 1985 Universal phonetics and the organisation of grammars. In: Victoria Fromkin (ed.) Phonetic Linguistics: Essays in Honour of Peter Ladefoged. Orlando: Academic Press Keating, Patricia A. 1990 Phonetic representation in a generative grammar. Journal of Phonetics 18: 321-334. Kirchner, Robert 1998 An effort-based approach to consonant lenition. PhD Thesis: UCLA. Lindblom, Bjorn 1990 On the notion of 'possible speech sound'. Journal of Phonetics 18: 135-152. Manaster-Ramer, Alexis 1996a A letter from an incompletely neutral phonologist. Journal of Phonetics 24: 477-489. Manaster-Ramer, Alexis 1996b Report on Alexis' dreams - bad as well as good. Journal of Phonetics 24: 513-519. Mullenix, John W. 1997 On the nature of perceptual adjustments to voice. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 67-84. Ohala, John J. 1990 There is no interface between phonology and phonetics: a personal view. Journal of Phonetics 18: 153-171. Ohala, John J. 1995 The relation between phonetics and phonology. In: William J. Hardcastle and John Laver (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences. Cambridge: Blackwell, 674-694. Perkins, Michael R. 2005 Editorial. Clinical pragmatics: An emergentist perspective. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 19: 363-366. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 1990 Phonological and phonetic representation. Journal of Phonetics 18: 375-394. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2001 Stochastic phonology. Glot International 5: 195-2. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2002 Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and contrast. In: Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper (eds.) Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 137-157. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2003 Probabilistic phonology: discrimination and robustness. In: Rens Bod, Jennifer Hay and Stefanie Jannedy (eds.) Probabilistic Linguistics. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 177-228. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. and Mary E. Beckman 1998 Japanese Tone Structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Pierrehumbert, Janet B., Mary E. Beckman and D. R. Ladd 2000 Conceptual foundations of phonology as a laboratory science. In: Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 273-303. Pierrehumbert, Janet B and Paul Gross 2003 Community Phonology. Chicago Linguistics Society. Pisoni, David B. 1997 Some thoughts on normalisation in speech perception. In: Keith Johnson and John W. Mullenix (eds.) Talker Variability in Speech Processing. London: Academic Press, 9-32. Scobbie, James M. 1995 What do we do when phonology is powerful enough to imitate phonetics? Comments on Zsiga. In Bruce Connell and Amalia Arvaniti (eds.) Phonology and Phonetic Evidence. Papers in Laboratory Phonology IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 303-314. Scobbie, James M. 1997 Autosegmental Representation in a Declarative Constraint-Based Framework. New York, NY: Garland Publishers Inc. Scobbie, James M. in press Flexibility in the Face of Incompatible English VOT Systems. In Louis M. Goldstein, Cathi Best and Doug Whalen (eds.) Papers in Laboratory Phonology 8: Varieties of Phonological Competence. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Scobbie, James M. in preparation Almost contrast: the quasi-phonemic nature of Scottish vowel length. Silverman, Daniel 1997 Phasing and Recoverability. New York, NY: Garland. Silverman, Daniel 2004 A critical introduction to phonology: of sound, mind, and body. Continuum: London, New York. Steriade, Donca 2004 Directional asymmetries in assimilation. In: Elizabeth Hume and Keith Johnson (eds.) The Role of Speech Perception in Phonology.San Diego: Academic Press, 219-250. Vihman, Marilyn M. and Shelley L. Velleman 2000 Phonetics and the origin of phonology. In: Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr and Gerard J. Docherty (eds.) Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 305-339. Zsiga, E. 1997 Features, gestures, and Igbo vowel assimilation: An approach to the phonology/phonetics mapping. Language 73: 227.pub138pu